An act to amend title 37, United States Code, to improve certain special pay and allowance benefits for members of the uniformed services, and for other purposes.

[AI summary unavailable — showing source text] Military Pay and Allowances Benefits Act of 1980 - Grants an increase for enlistment and reenlistment bonuses to members of the uniformed services who qualify in a critical military skill. Extends to not more than 14 years the maximum period a member may serve and still remain eligible for the reenlistment or extension of an enlistment bonus. Extends the period of obligated service which will not be computed in determining such bonus to 16 years. Repeals the requirement that a person must enlist for four years to be eligible for the enlistment bonus. Provides a special pay bonus for certain aviation career officers who enter into an agreement with the Secretary of Defense, or the Secretary of Transportation (when applicable), to remain on active duty in aviation service for at least one year. Prohibits such agreement to extend beyond the date on when the officer would complete 19 years of such service. Defines "aviation service" to mean the service performed by an officer holding an aeronautical rating or designation under regulations prescribed by the applicable Secretary. Sets forth terms and conditions for such officer to refund to the United States the appropriate amount of the…